{"id":1003,"date":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","date_gmt":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"-0001-11-29T22:00:00","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/1003\/","title":{"rendered":"Universal 999:"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Universal 999: <\/h3>\n<dl>\n<dt>Original<\/dt>\n<dd>Terminal intonations are almost universally low or falling for finality and assertion, and high or rising for the opposite, including yes-no questions.<\/dd>\n<dt>Standardized<\/dt>\n<dd>IF the illocutionary force is finality and assertion, THEN terminal intonation is low or falling. <br \/>IF the illocutionary force is non-finality or non-assertion, THEN terminal intonation is high or rising.<\/dd>\n<dt>Keywords<\/dt>\n<dd>intonation, illocutionary force<\/dd>\n<dt>Domain<\/dt>\n<dd>phonology, semantics<\/dd>\n<dt>Type<\/dt>\n<dd>implication<\/dd>\n<dt>Status<\/dt>\n<dd>achronic<\/dd>\n<dt>Quality<\/dt>\n<dd>almost absolute<\/dd>\n<dt>Basis<\/dt>\n<dd>41 languages in <a class=\"reference\" href=\"..\/ref\/source_ref.php#Bolinger_1978\">Bolinger 1978<\/a>, supplementing a 53 language sample from <a class=\"reference\" href=\"..\/ref\/source_ref.php#Ultan_1969\">Ultan 1969<\/a>, and a 175 language survey from <a class=\"reference\" href=\"..\/ref\/source_ref.php#Hermann_1942\">Hermann 1942<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Source<\/dt>\n<dd><a class=\"reference\" href=\"..\/references#Bolinger_1978\">Bolinger 1978<\/a>: 472<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl>\n<dt>Counterexamples<\/dt>\n<dd>Zuni (isolate) may have no pitch-marking of questions. It appears to have an invariable terminal fall. See the Rarit\u00e4tenkabinett for more exceptions.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Universal 999: Original Terminal intonations are almost universally low or falling for finality and assertion, and high or rising for the opposite, including yes-no questions.&#8230;<\/p>\n<div class=\"more-link-wrapper\"><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/1003\/\">Read more<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Universal 999:<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[346],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1003","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-universals-archive","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1003","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1003"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1003\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1003"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1003"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1003"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}