{"id":1120,"date":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","date_gmt":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"-0001-11-29T22:00:00","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/1120\/","title":{"rendered":"Universal 1116:"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Universal 1116: <\/h3>\n<dl>\n<dt>Original<\/dt>\n<dd>All personal pronouns are definite.<\/dd>\n<dt>Standardized<\/dt>\n<dd>All personal pronouns are definite.<\/dd>\n<dt>Keywords<\/dt>\n<dd>definite, personal pronoun<\/dd>\n<dt>Domain<\/dt>\n<dd>inflection, syntax<\/dd>\n<dt>Type<\/dt>\n<dd>unconditional<\/dd>\n<dt>Status<\/dt>\n<dd>achronic<\/dd>\n<dt>Quality<\/dt>\n<dd>almost absolute<\/dd>\n<dt>Basis<\/dt>\n<dd>106 languages surveyed in <a class=\"reference\" href=\"..\/ref\/source_ref.php#Moravcsik_1969\">Moravcsik 1969<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Source<\/dt>\n<dd><a class=\"reference\" href=\"..\/references#Moravcsik_1969\">Moravcsik 1969<\/a>: 76<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl>\n<dt>Counterexamples<\/dt>\n<dd>1. Moravcsik (1969:76) based on grammar of Sadler (1951) claims that Lo(o)ma (Mande, Niger-Congo) for the 1st and 2nd person pronouns has contrasting pairs with respect of definiteness. This is, however, not true (thanks to Valentin Vydrine &#8211; p.c.). Actually Sadler does not mention any \u2018indefinte personal pronouns\u2019 and his \u2018definite personal pronouns\u2019 are in fact pronouns introducing the relativized topic \u201e&#8230;me who&#8230;\u201d. Possibly the term \u2018definite personal pronouns\u2019 misled Moravcsik in postulating Lo(o)ma to be a violative case.  2. In Hungarian (Ugric, Uralic), when the object pronoun is the 1st or 2nd person pronoun, the verb has \u201cindefinite endings\u201d. 3. This is probably a tautology: personal = definite by definition. Clearly there are forms which are pronouns and which refer to speech-act participants (esp. 3rd person) and which are indefinite, e.g. English someone. <\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Universal 1116: Original All personal pronouns are definite. Standardized All personal pronouns are definite. Keywords definite, personal pronoun Domain inflection, syntax Type unconditional Status achronic&#8230;<\/p>\n<div class=\"more-link-wrapper\"><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/1120\/\">Read more<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Universal 1116:<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[346],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1120","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-universals-archive","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1120","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1120"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1120\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1120"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1120"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1120"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}