{"id":1253,"date":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","date_gmt":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"-0001-11-29T22:00:00","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/1253\/","title":{"rendered":"Universal 1249:"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Universal 1249: <\/h3>\n<dl>\n<dt>Original<\/dt>\n<dd>Hierarchy of consonants that have the greatest tone-raising or tone-lowering effect:<\/p>\n<p>implosive > voiceless aspirated > voiceless unaspirated > sonant > voiced obstruent > breathy<\/dd>\n<dt>Standardized<\/dt>\n<dd>The more to the left on the hierarchy a consonant is, the greater is its tone-raising effect.<br \/>The more to the right a consonant is, the greater is its tone-lowering effect:<\/p>\n<p>implosive > voiceless aspirated > voiceless unaspirated > sonant > voiced obstruent > breathy<\/dd>\n<dt>Keywords<\/dt>\n<dd>consonant, tone, raising, lowering, hierarchy<\/dd>\n<dt>Domain<\/dt>\n<dd>prosodic phonology<\/dd>\n<dt>Type<\/dt>\n<dd>implicational hierarchy<\/dd>\n<dt>Status<\/dt>\n<dd>achronic<\/dd>\n<dt>Quality<\/dt>\n<dd>statistical<\/dd>\n<dt>Basis<\/dt>\n<dd>West African languages: Bolanci, Ga?anda, Hausa, Kanakuru (=Dera), Ngizim (all Chadic); Etsako (Edoid); Ewe, Twi (both Kwa); Gwari, Igbirra, Nupe (all Nupoid); Igbo (Igboid); Yoruba (Defoid); Fe?fe?, Kikuyu, Kinga, Mbui, Safwa, Sukuma, Tigong, Xhosa, Zulu (all Bantu); Kpelle, Mende (both Mande).<\/dd>\n<dt>Source<\/dt>\n<dd><a class=\"reference\" href=\"..\/references#Hyman_1972\">Hyman &#038; Schuh 1972<\/a>: 42 (<a class=\"reference\" href=\"..\/references#Hyman&#038;Schuh_\"1974\">Hyman &#038; Schuh 1972[1974]<\/a>: 110)<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl>\n<dt>Counterexamples<\/dt>\n<dd> <\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Universal 1249: Original Hierarchy of consonants that have the greatest tone-raising or tone-lowering effect: implosive > voiceless aspirated > voiceless unaspirated > sonant > voiced&#8230;<\/p>\n<div class=\"more-link-wrapper\"><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/1253\/\">Read more<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Universal 1249:<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[346],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1253","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-universals-archive","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1253","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1253"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1253\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1253"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1253"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1253"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}