{"id":1288,"date":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","date_gmt":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"-0001-11-29T22:00:00","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/1288\/","title":{"rendered":"Universal 1284:"},"content":{"rendered":"

Universal 1284: <\/h3>\n
\n
Original<\/dt>\n
If nasality co-occurs in the neighborhood of a vowel or is inherent in the vowel itself of a given height m, then nasality must co-occur also in the neighborhood of or be inherent in a vowel of any lesser degree of height. That is, low vowels favour nasality.<\/dd>\n
Standardized<\/dt>\n
IF nasality co-occurs in the neighborhood of a vowel or is inherent in the vowel itself of a given height m, THEN nasality must co-occur also in the neighborhood of or be inherent in a vowel of any lesser degree of height.<\/p>\n

Instantiations of this general implication:<\/p>\n

IF a less low vowel is nasalized, THEN any more low vowels are also nasalized.
IF a more low vowel is denasalized, THEN any less low vowels are also denasalized.
IF a consonant is nasalized preceding a less low vowel, THEN this consonant is also nasalized preceding any more low vowels.
IF a consonant is denasalized preceding a more low vowel, THEN this consonant is also denasalized preceding any less low vowels.
Upon nasalization, vowels tend to lower rather than to rise.<\/dd>\n

Keywords<\/dt>\n
nasalization, denasalization, vowel height<\/dd>\n
Domain<\/dt>\n
phonology<\/dd>\n
Type<\/dt>\n
implication<\/dd>\n
Status<\/dt>\n
unclear whether achronic or diachronic<\/dd>\n
Quality<\/dt>\n
absolute?<\/dd>\n
Basis<\/dt>\n
languages mentioned in Chen 1973b<\/a>, survey of 600 Chinese dialects in Chen 1974<\/a>; survey of American English, Swedish, French, Amoy Chinese, Hindi, Brazilian Portuguese in Clumeck 1976<\/a>; experiment with 6 native English speakers in Horii & Monroe 1984<\/a><\/dd>\n
Source<\/dt>\n
Chen 1973b<\/a>: 185, Chen 1974<\/a>: 913; Clumeck 1976<\/a>: 348, Ohala 1971<\/a> (favorable nasality of low vowels); Horii & Monroe 1984<\/a>: 201; Hajek 1993<\/a>: 116, 145-7, cited in Ferguson 1974<\/a>: 12<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
Counterexamples<\/dt>\n
1. Mentioned (and explained away) by Chen himself:Kunyang dialect of Yunnan, Chinese, where nasality co-occurs with high an mid vowels \/i\/ and \/\/, but lacks with the low vowel \/ae\/. 2. For arguments against the implication that vowels tend to lower rather than to rise upon nasalization, see: Rochet, B.L. (1974). About a Pseudo Linguistic Universal: The Nasal Vowels Have a Tendency to Lower. Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Linguists, Bologna, Il Mulino, vol. 2. 3. Bhat (#1090) claims the opposite, i.e. vowels tend to rise upon nasaliszation.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Universal 1284: Original If nasality co-occurs in the neighborhood of a vowel or is inherent in the vowel itself of a given height m, then…<\/p>\n

Read moreUniversal 1284:<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[346],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1288","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-universals-archive","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1288","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1288"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1288\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1288"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1288"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1288"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}