{"id":1447,"date":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","date_gmt":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"-0001-11-29T22:00:00","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/1447\/","title":{"rendered":"Universal 1443:"},"content":{"rendered":"

Universal 1443: <\/h3>\n
\n
Original<\/dt>\n
In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker’, it cannot include among its meanings the following metapersons:
(a) ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ and\/or ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’,
(b) ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’.<\/dd>\n
Standardized<\/dt>\n
IF some form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker’, THEN it cannot include among its meanings the following metapersons:
(a) ‘speaker+hearer(s)’ and\/or ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’,
(b) ‘speaker+hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’.<\/dd>\n
Keywords<\/dt>\n
personal pronoun, speaker, hearer, non-participant<\/dd>\n
Domain<\/dt>\n
inflection, syntax, lexicon<\/dd>\n
Type<\/dt>\n
implication<\/dd>\n
Status<\/dt>\n
achronic<\/dd>\n
Quality<\/dt>\n
statistical<\/dd>\n
Basis<\/dt>\n
400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980<\/a>: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only. <\/dd>\n
Source<\/dt>\n
Sokolovskaja 1980<\/a>: 90, U 5<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
Counterexamples<\/dt>\n
Kawi (=Old Javanese), Javanese (both Sundic, W. Malayo-Polynesian), Nimboran (Trans-New Guinea) (Sokolovskaja 1980); Aymara, Jaqaru (Andean) (EF). In all these languages, personal pronominal forms are not specified for number, i.e. the form X can be used referring to a single speaker as well as to a group including the speaker. E.g. Aymaran NAYA (NA) means \u2018I, we but not you\u2019. (For details see Hardman-de-Bautista 1974: 32-3, Hardman 1966);Marind (Trans-New Guinea), where number is differentiated in all persons but 1st (for details see Drabbe 1955 [Boelaars 1950: 2]) (EF).<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Universal 1443: Original In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker’, it cannot include among its meanings the following metapersons:(a)…<\/p>\n

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