{"id":1461,"date":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","date_gmt":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"-0001-11-29T22:00:00","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/1461\/","title":{"rendered":"Universal 1457:"},"content":{"rendered":"

Universal 1457: <\/h3>\n
\n
Original<\/dt>\n
In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘non-participant’ in the non-singular, then it cannot be used to denote the metaperson ‘non-participant’ in the singular.<\/dd>\n
Standardized<\/dt>\n
IF a form denotes the metaperson ‘non-participant’ in the non-singular, THEN it cannot be used to denote the metaperson ‘non-participant’ in the singular.<\/dd>\n
Keywords<\/dt>\n
personal pronoun, person, 3rd, non-participant, number, singular, non-singular<\/dd>\n
Domain<\/dt>\n
inflection, syntax, lexicon<\/dd>\n
Type<\/dt>\n
implication<\/dd>\n
Status<\/dt>\n
achronic<\/dd>\n
Quality<\/dt>\n
statistical<\/dd>\n
Basis<\/dt>\n
400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980<\/a>: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only. <\/dd>\n
Source<\/dt>\n
Sokolovskaja 1980<\/a>: 92, U 19<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
Counterexamples<\/dt>\n
Khmer (Mon-Khmer, Austroasiatic), Kawi (=Old Javanese), Javanese (both Sundic, W. Malayo-Polynesian), Nimboran (Trans-New Guinea), Thai (Daic, Austroasiatic), Navajo (Athabaskan), Marathi (Indic, Indo-European), Flamingo Bay dialect of Asmat (Trans-New Guinea) (Sokolovskaja 1980); Aymara, Jaqaru (Andean), where personal pronominal forms are not specified for number, i.e. the form X can be used referring to a ‘non-participant’ in singular and non-singular. E.g. Aymara YUPA means \u2018she, he, they\u2019 (for details see Hardman-de-Bautista 1974: 32-3, Hardman 1966)(EF);all the languages making no number distinction in reference to non-participant would violate the statement, e.g. Kuman (Chimbu, Trans-New Guinea), J\u00e9i (Yei, Trans-New Guinea) (EF);Sokolovskaja, however, does not mention German as a potential violation, cf. the form \u2018sie\u2019 which refers to \u2018non-participant\u2019 in plural and female \u2018non-participant\u2019 in singular. [accidental homonymy, hence disregarded? ]<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Universal 1457: Original In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘non-participant’ in the non-singular, then it cannot be used to…<\/p>\n

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