{"id":1464,"date":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","date_gmt":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"-0001-11-29T22:00:00","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/1464\/","title":{"rendered":"Universal 1460:"},"content":{"rendered":"

Universal 1460: <\/h3>\n
\n
Original<\/dt>\n
In all languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s)’, it must also denote the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’.<\/dd>\n
Standardized<\/dt>\n
IF a form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s)’, THEN it must also denote the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’.<\/dd>\n
Keywords<\/dt>\n
personal pronoun, person, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, speaker, hearer, non-participant, inclusive<\/dd>\n
Domain<\/dt>\n
inflection, syntax, lexicon<\/dd>\n
Type<\/dt>\n
implication<\/dd>\n
Status<\/dt>\n
achronic<\/dd>\n
Quality<\/dt>\n
absolute<\/dd>\n
Basis<\/dt>\n
400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980<\/a>: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only. <\/dd>\n
Source<\/dt>\n
Boas 1911<\/a>: 39-40, Sokolovskaja 1980<\/a>: 93, U 22<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
Counterexamples<\/dt>\n
1. Gooniyandi (Bunaban, Australian), where there is a distinction between: (i) ‘speaker + hearer’ or ‘speaker + non-participant + (non-participant) …, and (ii) ‘speaker + hearer + non-participant’ …, instead of the distinctions more common in Australian languages like dual vs. plural or inclusive vs. exclusive (mentioned in Testelec 1995: 582, for details see McGregor 1990). 2. The same system is documented in: Yaour\u00e9 (Mande, Niger-Congo) (Hopkins 1986: 192, Kunimaipa (Trans-New Guinea) (Pence 1968, Geary 1977: 17-18) (p.c. M. Cysouw).3. Palaung (Mon-Khmer)(as described in Milne 1921: 17): it contains two pronouns glossed as \u2018we\u2019, ye and e. The first of these is to be used when the persons addressed are all present and the second when at least one of them is absent. The first is then \u2018speaker+addressee(s)\u2019 and the second, if we interpret absent as equivalent to 3rd person, can be represented as \u2018speaker + addressee(s) + non-participant(s)\u2019. (Greenberg 1989b: 455).4. Languages having separate 1DU.INCL and 1PL.INCL forms? <\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Universal 1460: Original In all languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s)’, it must also denote the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s) +…<\/p>\n

Read moreUniversal 1460:<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[346],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1464","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-universals-archive","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1464","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1464"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1464\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1464"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1464"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1464"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}