{"id":1473,"date":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","date_gmt":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"-0001-11-29T22:00:00","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/1473\/","title":{"rendered":"Universal 1469:"},"content":{"rendered":"

Universal 1469: <\/h3>\n
\n
Original<\/dt>\n
In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, then it cannot include among its meanings the following metapersons:
(a) ‘hearer’ in singular;
(b) ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ and\/or ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’;
(c) ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’;
(d) ‘non-participant’.<\/dd>\n
Standardized<\/dt>\n
IF a form denotes the metaperson ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, THEN it cannot include among its meanings the following metapersons:
(a) ‘hearer’ in singular;
(b) ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ and\/or ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’;
(c) ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’;
(d) ‘non-participant’.<\/dd>\n
Keywords<\/dt>\n
personal pronoun, person, 2nd, speaker, hearer, non-participant, number, singular<\/dd>\n
Domain<\/dt>\n
inflection, syntax, lexicon<\/dd>\n
Type<\/dt>\n
implication<\/dd>\n
Status<\/dt>\n
achronic<\/dd>\n
Quality<\/dt>\n
statistical<\/dd>\n
Basis<\/dt>\n
400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980<\/a>: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only. <\/dd>\n
Source<\/dt>\n
Sokolovskaja 1980<\/a>: 94, U 33<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
Counterexamples<\/dt>\n
To (a): Khmer (Mon-Khmer, Austroasiatic), Kawi (=Old Javanese), Javanese (both Sundic, W. Malayo-Polynesian), Nimboran (Trans-New Guinea), Thai (Daic, Austroasiatic), Sioux (Siouan), Siyin (Burmic, Sino-Tibetan), Haitian, Martinique (both Creole, French-based), Sranan (Creole, English-based), some Spanish dialects spoken in America with the so-called \u2018voseo\u2019, Russian (Slavic, Indo-European), French (Romance, Indo-European), Hindi, Marathi (both Indic, Indo-European) and other languages, where the form 2PL is used as a polite form addressing the hearer in the singular. Aymara, Jaqaru (Andean), where personal pronominal forms are not specified for number, i.e. the form X can be used referring to ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’ , ‘hearer’ in non-singular, as well as to ‘hearer’ in singular. E.g. Aymara YUMA means \u2018thou, you\u2019 (for details see Hardman-de-Bautista 1974: 32-3, Hardman 1966) (EF);To (b) and (c): Haitian (Creole, French-based), Navajo (Athabaskan), Marathi (Indic, Indo-European)To (d): Marathi (Indic, Indo-European) (Sokolovskaja 1980).<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Universal 1469: Original In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, then it cannot include among its meanings…<\/p>\n

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