{"id":1477,"date":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","date_gmt":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"-0001-11-29T22:00:00","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/1477\/","title":{"rendered":"Universal 1473:"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Universal 1473: <\/h3>\n<dl>\n<dt>Original<\/dt>\n<dd>In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some form denotes the metaperson &#8216;speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)&#8217;, then it denotes also the metaperson &#8216;speaker + hearer(s)&#8217;.<\/dd>\n<dt>Standardized<\/dt>\n<dd>IF a form denotes the metaperson &#8216;speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)&#8217;, THEN it denotes also the metaperson &#8216;speaker + hearer(s)&#8217;.<\/dd>\n<dt>Keywords<\/dt>\n<dd>personal pronoun, person, 1st, 2nd, speaker, hearer, non-participant<\/dd>\n<dt>Domain<\/dt>\n<dd>inflection, syntax, lexicon<\/dd>\n<dt>Type<\/dt>\n<dd>implication<\/dd>\n<dt>Status<\/dt>\n<dd>achronic<\/dd>\n<dt>Quality<\/dt>\n<dd>statistical<\/dd>\n<dt>Basis<\/dt>\n<dd>400 world-wide distributed languages, see <a class=\"reference\" href=\"..\/ref\/source_ref.php#Sokolovskaja_1980\">Sokolovskaja 1980<\/a>: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only. <\/dd>\n<dt>Source<\/dt>\n<dd><a class=\"reference\" href=\"..\/references#Sokolovskaja_1980\">Sokolovskaja 1980<\/a>: 94, U 36<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl>\n<dt>Counterexamples<\/dt>\n<dd>1. Languages having a tripartite opposition, that is distinguishing between three forms: inclusive, exclusive, and a neutral one, e.g. Kele (NW Bantu, Niger-Congo) (mentioned by Sokolovskaja); Miriwoong (Djeragan, Australian), for details see McGregor 19XX (EF).2. Languages distinguishing between a neutral (or unrestricted) form and a form referring to the restricted set of participants, either to inclusive or to exclusive: Gooniyandi (Bunaban, Australian) (mentioned by Testelec 1995: 582, for details see also McGregor 1990), Yaour\u00e9 (Mande, Niger-Congo) (for details see Hopkins 1986: 192), Kunimaipa (Trans-New Guinea) (for details see Pence 1968, Geary 1977: 17-18) (p.c. M. Cysouw).<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Universal 1473: Original In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some form denotes the metaperson &#8216;speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)&#8217;, then it denotes also the&#8230;<\/p>\n<div class=\"more-link-wrapper\"><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/1477\/\">Read more<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Universal 1473:<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[346],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1477","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-universals-archive","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1477","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1477"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1477\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1477"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1477"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1477"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}