{"id":1480,"date":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","date_gmt":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"-0001-11-29T22:00:00","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/1480\/","title":{"rendered":"Universal 1476:"},"content":{"rendered":"

Universal 1476: <\/h3>\n
\n
Original<\/dt>\n
In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, then it cannot denote the following metapersons:
(a) ‘speaker’;
(b) ‘hearer’;
(c) ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’.<\/dd>\n
Standardized<\/dt>\n
IF some form denotes metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, THEN it cannot denote the following metapersons:
(a) ‘speaker’;
(b) ‘hearer’;
(c) ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’.<\/dd>\n
Keywords<\/dt>\n
personal pronoun, person, 1st, speaker, hearer, non-participant<\/dd>\n
Domain<\/dt>\n
inflection, syntax, lexicon<\/dd>\n
Type<\/dt>\n
implication<\/dd>\n
Status<\/dt>\n
achronic<\/dd>\n
Quality<\/dt>\n
statistical<\/dd>\n
Basis<\/dt>\n
400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980<\/a>: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only. <\/dd>\n
Source<\/dt>\n
Sokolovskaja 1980<\/a>: 95, U 39<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
Counterexamples<\/dt>\n
To (a): Kawi (=Old Javanese), Javanese (both Sundic, W. Malayo-Polynesian), Nimboran (Trans-New Guinea) (Sokolovskaja 1980);Marind (Trans-New Guinea)(Drabbe 1955 [Boelaars 1950: 2]) has a single form denoting the metapersons ‘speaker’ and ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ or ‘speaker’ and ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’. (EF);To (b) and (c): Haitian (Creole, French-based), Navajo (Athabaskan), Marathi (Indic, Indo-European) (Sokolovskaja 1980); <\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Universal 1476: Original In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, then it cannot denote the…<\/p>\n

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