{"id":1659,"date":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","date_gmt":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"-0001-11-29T22:00:00","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/1659\/","title":{"rendered":"Universal 1654: visual > non-visual > inferential > quotative, OR direct > indirect"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Universal 1654: visual > non-visual > inferential > quotative, OR direct > indirect<\/h3>\n<dl>\n<dt>Original<\/dt>\n<dd>The Evidentiality Hierarchy:<br \/>visual > non-visual > inferential > quotative, OR direct > indirect. <\/p>\n<p>The presence of evidentials encoding direct evidence, such as visuals and sensory evidentials, entails the presence of indirect evidentials, such as quotatives and (some) inferentials. <\/dd>\n<dt>Standardized<\/dt>\n<dd>IF there are evidentials encoding direct evidence, THEN there are evidentials for indirect evidence. <br \/>IF there is an evidential category for visual evidence, THEN there is evidential category for non-visual evidence. <br \/>IF there is an evidential category for inferential evidence, THEN there is evidential category for quotative evidence. <\/dd>\n<dt>Keywords<\/dt>\n<dd>evidentiality hierarchy<\/dd>\n<dt>Domain<\/dt>\n<dd>inflection, syntax, semantics<\/dd>\n<dt>Type<\/dt>\n<dd>implicational hierarchy<\/dd>\n<dt>Status<\/dt>\n<dd>achronic<\/dd>\n<dt>Quality<\/dt>\n<dd>statistical<\/dd>\n<dt>Basis<\/dt>\n<dd>30 languages from all areas of the world where evidentiality is well-established as a grammatical category, including Archi (NE Caucasian), Dolakha Newari (Tibeto-Burman), Ocotepec Mixtec (Oto-Manguean), Mam (Mayan), Basque (isolate), Paumari (Arawakan), Urubu-Kaapor (Kariri-Tupi), Yukaghir (isolate), Dutch (Germanic, IE), Kalmyk (Mongolian), Abkhaz (N Caucasian), Limbu (Tibeto-Burman), Yup\u2019ik (Eskimo-Aleut), Cayuga (Iroquoian), Kwakiutl (Wakashan), Patwin (Wintuan (=Copehan)), Lega (Central Bantu, Niger-Congo), Turkish (Turkic), SE Tepehuan (Uto-Aztecan), Mingrelian (S Caucasian), Hixkaryana (Carib), Iquito (Zaparoan), Akha (Lolo-Burmese), Hupa (Athabaskan), Maricopa, Hualapai (both Yuman), Tuyuca (Tucanoan), Fasu (Trans-New Guinea), Kashaya (Hokan)<\/dd>\n<dt>Source<\/dt>\n<dd><a class=\"reference\" href=\"..\/references#De_1996\">De Haan 1996<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl>\n<dt>Counterexamples<\/dt>\n<dd>Hualapai (Yuman), and possibly Hupa (Athabaskan), which possess direct evidentials but no (grammaticalized) quotative evidentials. Apalai (Carib) has visual and inferential evidentials but lacks non-visual sensory evidential (this may be due to insufficient information in grammar) (De Haan 1996).<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Universal 1654: visual > non-visual > inferential > quotative, OR direct > indirect Original The Evidentiality Hierarchy:visual > non-visual > inferential > quotative, OR direct&#8230;<\/p>\n<div class=\"more-link-wrapper\"><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/1659\/\">Read more<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Universal 1654: visual &gt; non-visual &gt; inferential &gt; quotative, OR direct &gt; indirect<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[346],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1659","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-universals-archive","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1659","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1659"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1659\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1659"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1659"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1659"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}