{"id":170,"date":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","date_gmt":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"-0001-11-29T22:00:00","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/170\/","title":{"rendered":"Universal 170:"},"content":{"rendered":"

Universal 170: <\/h3>\n
\n
Original<\/dt>\n
If a language has case affixes on nouns, they are almost always suffixed.<\/dd>\n
Standardized<\/dt>\n
IF there are case affixes on nouns, THEN they are almost always suffixed.<\/dd>\n
Keywords<\/dt>\n
case, noun, affix-order, suffix<\/dd>\n
Domain<\/dt>\n
inflection<\/dd>\n
Type<\/dt>\n
no genuine implication; rather: provided that<\/dd>\n
Status<\/dt>\n
achronic<\/dd>\n
Quality<\/dt>\n
statistical<\/dd>\n
Basis<\/dt>\n
23-language sample in Sanders 1972<\/a>; Hawkins & Gilligan surveyed 200 languages drawn from three samples: a 113-language sample of Stassen\u2019s, a 40-language sample of Bybee & Perkins, and a 50-language sample of Gilligan\u2019s; 50-language sample of Maxwell 1979<\/a> <\/dd>\n
Source<\/dt>\n
Wundt 1904<\/a>: 130; Greenberg 1957<\/a>: 91; Kuznecov 1960<\/a>: 30; Sanders 1972<\/a>: 115 [Sanders 1978<\/a>: 71]; Kahr 1976<\/a>: 135-140; Moravcsik 1978<\/a>: 9; Maxwell 1979<\/a>: 44; Williams 1981<\/a>: 251 (crediting K. Hale, p.c.); Donegan & Stampe 1983<\/a>: 344; Cutler, Hawkins, & Gilligan 1985<\/a>: 729; Hawkins & Gilligan 1988<\/a>: 222; McCreight Young 1988<\/a>: 49; Wandruszka 1992<\/a>: 4; Moravcsik 1994a<\/a>: 49<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
Counterexamples<\/dt>\n
Classical Armenian (Armenian, IE), Hungarian (Ugric, Uralic) [pronouns] (Baldi 1983);some Semitic and Bantu languages (Moravcsik 1994);Semitic, Cushitic (Afro-Asiatic) (Hetzron 1980: 278);Amharic (Semitic, Afro-Asiatic) (Lehmann 1982: 93);Idoma (Benue-Congo, Niger-Congo) (Reh 1986: 121);Krongo (Kordofanian, Niger-Congo) (Reh 1985: 98);Non-Bari group of Eastern Nilotic (Nilo-Saharan) (Dimmendaal 1987; Heine & Vossen 1983);Zulu (Bantu, Niger-Congo) (Skalicka 1979: 202);Eastern Bushman (Oceanic, Malayo-Polynesian) (Lanham & Hallowes 1956);Australian: Mangarayi (Gunwingguan)(Merlan 1982), Nungali (Djamindjungan) (Hoddinott & Kofod 1976); Mara, Alawa (both Maran), Burarra (Burarran) (see also Blake 1987: 19);Murut (Borneo, Malayo-Polynesian) (Prentice 1981);Huamelultec Chontal (Hokan) (Waterhouse 1967);Squamish (Salish) (Kuipers 1967); Coast Tsimshian? (Tsimshianic) (Dunn 1979);Zapotec (Oto-Manguean), Oaxaca Chontal (Hokan), Squamish (Salish) \u2014 none of these languages, however, has case prefixes for subject or object marking, but employs them instead for various locative or adverbial constructions (Hawkins & Gilligan 1988: 222).<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Universal 170: Original If a language has case affixes on nouns, they are almost always suffixed. Standardized IF there are case affixes on nouns, THEN…<\/p>\n

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