{"id":2017,"date":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","date_gmt":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"-0001-11-29T22:00:00","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/2017\/","title":{"rendered":"Universal 2011:"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Universal 2011: <\/h3>\n<dl>\n<dt>Original<\/dt>\n<dd>&#8230; if a system does show functional markedness it is generally the case that (i) when the number of choices in the system is reduced, in a particular context, the unmarked term will always be retained, and will have its semantic scope extended; and (ii) if the choices in system X depend on that made in system Y, we will always expect more choices in X to be associated with the unmarked than with the marked terms from Y.<\/p>\n<p>Markedness distributions:<br \/>Polarity: positive is functionally and almost always formally unmarked, and negative marked;<br \/>Number: singular is almost always functionally and often also formally unmarked;<br \/>Person: if any person, then 3rd;<br \/>Tense, Aspect: often no unmarked term, or crosslinguistically variable;<br \/>Case: generally case that covers intransitive subject function is unmarked, but sometimes also accusative;<br \/>Reference classification: often masculine unmarked, sometimes feminine.<\/dd>\n<dt>Standardized<\/dt>\n<dd>When a system does show functional markedness it is generally the case that (i) when the number of choices in the system is reduced, in a particular context, the unmarked term will always be retained, and will have its semantic scope extended; and (ii) if the choices in system X depend on that made in system Y, we will always expect more choices in X to be associated with the unmarked than with the marked terms from Y.Markedness distributions:Polarity: positive is functionally and almost always formally unmarked, and negative marked;Number: singular is almost always functionally and often also formally unmarked;Person: if any person, then 3rd;Tense, Aspect: often no unmarked term, or crosslinguistically variable;Case: generally case that covers intransitive subject function is unmarked, but sometimes also accusative;Reference classification: often masculine unmarked, sometimes feminine.<\/dd>\n<dt>Keywords<\/dt>\n<dd>markedness, polarity, tense, aspect, evidentiality, person, gender, number, case<\/dd>\n<dt>Domain<\/dt>\n<dd>inflection<\/dd>\n<dt>Type<\/dt>\n<dd>no genuine implication; rather: provided that<\/dd>\n<dt>Status<\/dt>\n<dd>achronic<\/dd>\n<dt>Quality<\/dt>\n<dd>absolute<\/dd>\n<dt>Basis<\/dt>\n<dd>&#8220;more than 500 languages in all&#8221; (?)<\/dd>\n<dt>Source<\/dt>\n<dd><a class=\"reference\" href=\"..\/references#Aikhenvald_1998\">Aikhenvald &#038; Dixon 1998<\/a>: 61<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl>\n<dt>Counterexamples<\/dt>\n<dd><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Universal 2011: Original &#8230; if a system does show functional markedness it is generally the case that (i) when the number of choices in the&#8230;<\/p>\n<div class=\"more-link-wrapper\"><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/2017\/\">Read more<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Universal 2011:<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[346],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2017","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-universals-archive","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2017","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2017"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2017\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2017"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2017"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2017"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}