{"id":516,"date":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","date_gmt":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"-0001-11-29T22:00:00","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/516\/","title":{"rendered":"Universal 514:"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Universal 514: <\/h3>\n<dl>\n<dt>Original<\/dt>\n<dd>A language never has more gender categories in non-singular numbers than in the singular.<\/dd>\n<dt>Standardized<\/dt>\n<dd>IF there are n genders in the non-singular, THEN there will be at least n genders in the singular.<\/dd>\n<dt>Keywords<\/dt>\n<dd>gender, number<\/dd>\n<dt>Domain<\/dt>\n<dd>inflection<\/dd>\n<dt>Type<\/dt>\n<dd>implication<\/dd>\n<dt>Status<\/dt>\n<dd>achronic<\/dd>\n<dt>Quality<\/dt>\n<dd>absolute<\/dd>\n<dt>Basis<\/dt>\n<dd>30 languages of <a class=\"reference\" href=\"..\/ref\/source_ref.php#Greenberg_1963\">Greenberg 1963<\/a> sample<\/dd>\n<dt>Source<\/dt>\n<dd><a class=\"reference\" href=\"..\/references#Greenberg_1963\">Greenberg 1963<\/a>: 95, #37<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl>\n<dt>Counterexamples<\/dt>\n<dd>1. Farsi-Kabuli (Farsi dialect) (Iranian, IE) (Uspensky 1968: 9);2. Tahaggart, Tuareg, Kabyle, Proto-Berber (according to one reconstruction) (Afro-Asiatic) have gender contrast in 1\/2\/3PL and in 2SG, but not in 3SG (for details see Plank &#038; Schellinger 1997). 3. Languages distinguishing gender in all persons and numbers except for 1SG: Ntifa independent subject pronouns(Berber, Afro-Asiatic), Hadza, Nama (both Khoisan). (For details see Plank &#038; Schellinger 1997).4. A number of Austronesian languages distinguish animate\/non-animate forms in the plural only. Biak (South Halmahera-West New Guinea, Austronesian) has animate\/inanimate forms for 3PL pronouns and demonstratives, but not in the SG, DU, or TRial. An animate\/inanimate oppostion is reconstructed for 3PL in South Solomonic languages (Steinhauer 1985, 1986, Plank &#038; Schellinger 1997, cited in Aikhenvald 2000: 244)<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Universal 514: Original A language never has more gender categories in non-singular numbers than in the singular. Standardized IF there are n genders in the&#8230;<\/p>\n<div class=\"more-link-wrapper\"><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/516\/\">Read more<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Universal 514:<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[346],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-516","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-universals-archive","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/516","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=516"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/516\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=516"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=516"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=516"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}