{"id":914,"date":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","date_gmt":"2020-05-01T18:49:39","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"-0001-11-29T22:00:00","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/typo.uni-konstanz.de\/rara\/universals-archive\/914\/","title":{"rendered":"Universal 911: subject > direct object > indirect object > oblique object"},"content":{"rendered":"

Universal 911: subject > direct object > indirect object > oblique object<\/h3>\n
\n
Original<\/dt>\n
The grammatical encoding of the causee proceeds as follows: the causee occupies the highest (leftmost) position on the hierarchy that is not already filled:
subject > direct object > indirect object > oblique object.<\/dd>\n
Standardized<\/dt>\n
IF there is no direct object, THEN the embedded subject appears as direct object.
IF there is direct object, but no indirect object, THEN the embedded subject appears as indirect object.
IF there are both direct and indirect objects, THEN the embedded subject appears as one of the oblique cases (i.e. neither subject nor direct object nor indirect object)<\/dd>\n
Keywords<\/dt>\n
causative, hierarchy, subject, direct object, indirect object, oblique object<\/dd>\n
Domain<\/dt>\n
inflection, syntax<\/dd>\n
Type<\/dt>\n
implicational hierarchy<\/dd>\n
Status<\/dt>\n
achronic<\/dd>\n
Quality<\/dt>\n
statistical<\/dd>\n
Basis<\/dt>\n
languages in Comrie 1975a<\/a>, Comrie 1976a<\/a>, Comrie 1981<\/a><\/dd>\n
Source<\/dt>\n
Comrie 1981<\/a>: 169, Comrie 1975a<\/a>: 14, Comrie 1976a<\/a>: 263<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
Counterexamples<\/dt>\n
1. Languages allowing doubling on indirect object position. Ex. Turkish (Altaic), Punjabi, French (both IE), Tagalog (Austronesian), Georgian (S. Caucasian). 2. Languages allowing to have two accusatives. Ex. Latin, Ancient Greek, Sanskrit, in most cases German, Dutch (all Indo-European), Hebrew, Arabic, Amharic (all Semitic, Afro-Asiatic) some dialects of Saami (Uralic), Swahili (Bantu, Niger-Congo), Evenki (Tungus, Altaic).3. Languages bypassing the indirect object position to go straight to other oblique constituents: Finnish (Finnic), Hungarian (Ugric, both Uralic), Nivkh (isolate), Japanese (Japanese-Ryukyuan).4. Languages allowing doubling on subject: Japanese (Japanese-Ryukyuan) \u2013 for more details see Comrie 1975a, 1976a.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Universal 911: subject > direct object > indirect object > oblique object Original The grammatical encoding of the causee proceeds as follows: the causee occupies…<\/p>\n

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