Universal 1331:
- Original
- No phonological system has fewer than two contrasting positions of articulation for stops.
- Standardized
- No phonological system has fewer than two contrasting positions of articulation for stops.
- Keywords
- stop
- Domain
- phonology
- Type
- unconditional
- Status
- achronic
- Quality
- absolute
- Basis
- unspecified
- Source
- Hockett 1963: 27
- Counterexamples
1. Hockett cites Hawaiian and Archaic Samoan (both Polynesian) as languages with only two positions.2. Cf. Nartey’s claim (#780): Languages usually have at least three primary oral stops. As counterexamples to his statement Nartey gives Hawaiian and Maidu (Pujunan (=Maiduan)).