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Universal 1441:

Posted in Universals Archive

Universal 1441:

Original
In an overwhelming majority of languages, there is a special form to denote the metaperson ‘speaker’.
Standardized
In an overwhelming majority of languages, there is a special form to denote the metaperson ‘speaker’.
Keywords
pronoun, personal pronoun, person, 1st
Domain
inflection, syntax, lexicon
Type
unconditional
Status
achronic
Quality
statistical
Basis
400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
Source
Sokolovskaja 1980: 90, U 3
Counterexamples
Kawi [=Old Javanese], Javanese (both Sundic, W. Malayo-Polynesian), Nimboran (Trans-New Guinea) (Sokolovskaja 1980); Aymara, Jaqaru (Andean) . In all these languages, personal pronominal forms are not specified for number, i.e. the form X can be used referring to a single speaker as well as to a group including the speaker. E.g. Aymaran naya (na) means ‘I, we but not you’. (For details see Hardman-de-Bautista 1974: 32-3, Hardman 1966).

One Comment

  1. FP
    FP

    Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:’speaker’, ‘hearer’, ‘non-participant’, ‘speaker + hearer(s)’, ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, and ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).

    1. May 2020

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