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Universal 1451:
- Original
- In all languages, if there is a certain form to denote the metaperson ‘hearer’ in the non-singular, it cannot denote the metaperson ‘speaker’.
- Standardized
- IF a form denotes the metaperson ‘hearer’ in the non-singular, THEN it cannot denote the metaperson ‘speaker’.
- Keywords
- personal pronoun, person, 2nd, 1st, hearer, number, non-singular, speaker
- Domain
- inflection, syntax, lexicon
- Type
- implication
- Status
- achronic
- Quality
- absolute
- Basis
- 400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
- Source
- Sokolovskaja 1980: 91, U 13
- Counterexamples
Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:’speaker’, ‘hearer’, ‘non-participant’, ‘speaker + hearer(s)’, ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, and ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).