In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ and/or ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, it cannot denote the metaperson ‘non-participant’.
Standardized
IF a form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ and/or ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, THEN it cannot denote the metaperson ‘non-participant’.
Keywords
personal pronoun, person, 1st, speaker, hearer, non-participant, inclusive, exclusive
Domain
inflection, syntax, lexicon
Type
implication
Status
achronic
Quality
statistical
Basis
400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
Marathi (Indic, Indo-European) (Sokolovskaja 1980), where the inclusive pronoun a:pan, i.e. the form denoting the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s)’, is used in polite address to ‘hearer’ and ‘non-participant’.
1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:’speaker’, ‘hearer’, ‘non-participant’, ‘speaker + hearer(s)’, ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, and ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s). 2. Cf. #1467