In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ and/or ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, it cannot include among its meanings the following metapersons: (a) ‘speaker’; (b) ‘hearer’ in singular; (c) ‘hearer’ in non-singular; (d) ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’.
Standardized
IF a form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ and/or ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, THEN it cannot include among its meanings the following metapersons: (a) ‘speaker’; (b) ‘hearer’ in singular; (c) ‘hearer’ in non-singular; (d) ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’.
1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:’speaker’, ‘hearer’, ‘non-participant’, ‘speaker + hearer(s)’, ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, and ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s). 2. Cf. #1466.