If some form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, then (a) in some languages it cannot include among its meanings any other metaperson; (b) in some other languages it can also denote metapersons ‘ speaker + hearer(s)’ and ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, and for this casse universals , are valid.
Standardized
IF a form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, THEN (a) in some languages it cannot include among its meanings any other metaperson; (b) in some other languages it can also denote metapersons ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ and ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, and for this case universals , are valid.
Keywords
personal pronoun, person, 1st, speaker, hearer, non-participant
Domain
inflection, syntax, lexicon
Type
implication
Status
achronic
Quality
statistical
Basis
400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
, 
Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:’speaker’, ‘hearer’, ‘non-participant’, ‘speaker + hearer(s)’, ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, and ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).