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Universal 1467:
Original
In an overwhelming majority of languages, there is no special form to denote the metaperson ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’.
Standardized
In an overwhelming majority of languages, there is no special form to denote the metaperson ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’.
Keywords
personal pronoun, person, 2nd, hearer, non-participant, inclusive, exclusive
Domain
inflection, syntax, lexicon
Type
unconditional
Status
achronic
Quality
statistical
Basis
400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980 : 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
Source
Sokolovskaja 1980 : 94, U 30
Counterexamples
Languages having inclusive/exclusive opposition in the 2nd person, e.g. Ghomala (Benue-Congo, Niger-Congo) (Wiesemann (ed.) 1986: viii).??? Abkhaz (N. Caucasian) (EF, FP).Bavarian German (Simon 2000).
1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:’speaker’, ‘hearer’, ‘non-participant’, ‘speaker + hearer(s)’, ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, and ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s). 2. This universal follows from #1472.