In all languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, then it cannot include among its meanings the metaperson ‘speaker’ .
Standardized
IF a form denotes the metaperson ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, THEN it cannot include among its meanings the metaperson ‘speaker’.
Keywords
personal pronoun, person, 2nd, 1st, hearer, non-participant, speaker
Domain
inflection, syntax, lexicon
Type
implication
Status
achronic
Quality
absolute
Basis
400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:’speaker’, ‘hearer’, ‘non-participant’, ‘speaker + hearer(s)’, ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, and ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).