If a language lacks a form with the meaning ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ and/or ‘speaker + non-participant (s)’ and/or ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’ (i.e. a neutral form of the distinction inclusivity vs. exclusivity), then it has a form with the sole meaning ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’ (i.e. “we exclusive”).
Standardized
IF there is no form with the meaning ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ and/or ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’ and/or ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’ (i.e. a neutral form of the distinction inclusivity vs. exclusivity), THEN there is a form with the sole meaning ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’ (i.e. “we exclusive”).
Keywords
personal pronoun, speaker, hearer, non-participant, inclusive, exclusive
Domain
inflection, syntax, lexicon
Type
implication
Status
achronic
Quality
absolute
Basis
400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
