A hierarchy of grammaticalization from verb to complementizer to adverbial conjunction. If a language uses the morpheme at a given level on the hierarchy, it will use it at all the previous levels: 1. quotative particle; 2. quotative/complementizer with ‘say’; 3. quotative/complementizer with ‘know’; 4. quotative/complementizer with ‘believe’; 5. quotative/complementizer with ‘hope’; 6. conjunction with purpose clause; 7. conjunction with reason clause; 8. marker with question word; 9. complementizer with embedded question; 10. conjunction with conditional clause; 11. comparative marker.
Standardized
IF a de-verbal morpheme is used as a comparative marker, THEN it is also used as a conjunction with conditional clause. IF a de-verbal morpheme is used as a conjunction with conditional clause, THEN it is also used as a complementizer with embedded question. IF a de-verbal morpheme is used as a complementizer with embedded question, THEN it is also used as a marker with question word. IF a de-verbal morpheme is used as a marker with question word, THEN it is also used as a conjunction with reason clause. IF a de-verbal morpheme is used as a conjunction with reason clause, THEN it is also used as a conjunction with purpose clause. IF a de-verbal morpheme is used as a conjunction with purpose clause, THEN it is also used as a quotative/complementizer with ‘hope’. IF a de-verbal morpheme is used as a quotative/complementizer with ‘hope’, THEN it is also used as a quotative/complementizer with ‘believe’. IF a de-verbal morpheme is used as a quotative/complementizer with ‘believe’, THEN it is also use as a quotative/complementizer with ‘know’. IF a de-verbal morpheme is used as a quotative/complementizer with ‘know’, THEN it is also used as a quotative/complementizer with ‘say’. IF a de-verbal morpheme is used as a quotative/complementizer with ‘say’, THEN it is also used as a quotative particle.
Saxena finds out that Givon’s (1980) sorting of verb meanings:say, tell (that) < think, know, believe < decide (that), agree (that) < hope, remember < want (to) constitutes an implicational hierarchy which the languages she has surveyed tend to follow in general with respect to the verbs which allow the complementizer. (Lord 1993: 211)
Saxena finds out that Givon’s (1980) sorting of verb meanings:say, tell (that) < think, know, believe < decide (that), agree (that) < hope, remember < want (to) constitutes an implicational hierarchy which the languages she has surveyed tend to follow in general with respect to the verbs which allow the complementizer. (Lord 1993: 211)