Universal 1506:
- Original
- Parameters for intransitive-based passives:
1 person > Volitional Human > Volitional Animate/Human > Animate & Potent > Inanimate > No Protagonist.If a language has intransitive-based passives with (original) subjects of a certain class, it has intransitive-based passives with subjects of all the classes to the left of it.
- Standardized
- IF there are intransitive-based passives with non-protagonist subjects, THEN there are such with inanimate subjects.
IF there are intransitive-based passives with INANIMATE subjects, THEN there are such with animate and potent subjects.
IF there are intransitive-based passives with animate and potent subjects, THEN there are such with volitional animate or human subjects.
IF there are intransitive-based passives with volitional animate or human subjects, THEN there are such with volitional human subjects.
IF there are intransitive-based passives with volitional human subjects, THEN there are such with 1st person subjects. - Keywords
- diathesis, passive, intransitive, subject, animacy
- Domain
- inflection, syntax
- Type
- implicational hierarchy
- Status
- achronic
- Quality
- absolute
- Basis
- about 30 languages mentioned in Shibatani 1998
- Source
- Shibatani 1998: 121
- Counterexamples
1. The most restricted are languages like English that do not permit impersonal passives. 2. Examples of languages where the particular class of subjects is a cut-off point for intransitive-based passives:1st person: Nepali;Volitional Human: German;Volitional Animate: Dutch, Flemish;Human: Turkish, Lithuanian;Animate & Potent: Japanese;Inanimate: Irish;No Protagonist: Lithuanian evidential passive.