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Universal 1948:
- Original
- Class IIIa and Class Ib predicates cooccur in a language.
- Standardized
- IF non-canonical marking with Class IIIa predicates, THEN also non-canonical marking with Class Ib predicates, and vice versa.
- Keywords
- case, agent, patient, subject, predicate
- Domain
- inflection, lexicon
- Type
- mutual implication
- Status
- achronic
- Quality
- absolute
- Basis
- Icelandic, Bengali, Japanese, Imbabura Quechua, Amele, Tariana, and further lgs mentioned in paper (convenience collection)
- Source
- Onishi 2001: 42-43, 45
- Counterexamples
CLASS I: one- or two-place (primary-A) verbs with affected A/S.Ia: physiological states/events;Ib: inner feelings/psychological experiences;CLASS II: two-place (primary-A/B) verbs with less agentive A (or S) and less affected O (or E).IIa: perception;IIb: cognition;IIc: liking;IId: searching/finding;IIe: following/meeting;IIf: interacting;IIg: addressing;IIh: resembling.CLASS III: two-place secondary verbs with modal meanings.IIIa: wanting;IIIb: necessity/obligation;IIIc: capability/possibility;IIId: trying/success/failure;IIIe: evidentiality.CLASS IV: predicates expressing happenings.CLASS V: verbs of possession, existence, and lacking.