Universal 223:

Universal 223:

Original

In all languages: if there is a phonemic alternation in root morphemes, then there is a phonemic alternation in non-root morphemes as well.

Standardized

IF there are phonemic alternations in root morphemes, THEN there are [the same?] phonemic alternations in non-root morphemes as well.

Keywords

root, non-root, alternation

Domain

phonology, morphology

Type

implication

Status

achronic

Quality

absolute

Basis

unspecified

Source

see Vardul’ 1969, referring to Glazov

Counterexamples