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1. May 2020
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Universal 248: part of speech Adverb ⇒ part of speech Adjective ⇒ part of speech Noun ⇒ part of speech Verb

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Universal 248: part of speech Adverb ⇒ part of speech Adjective ⇒ part of speech Noun ⇒ part of speech Verb

Original
Parts of speech hierarchy:
verb > noun > adjective > adverb.

This hierarchy says that a category of predicates is more likely to occur as a separate part of speech the more to the left it is in this hierarchy.

Standardized
IF there is an Adverb as a distinct word class, THEN there are also Adjectives, Nouns, and Verbs.
IF there are Adjectives, THEN there are also Nouns and Verbs.
IF there are Nouns, THEN there are also Verbs.
Keywords
word class, verb, noun, adjective, adverb
Domain
syntax
Type
implicational hierarchy
Status
achronic
Quality
absolute
Basis
37 languages of Hengeveld’s sample
Source
Hengeveld 1992: 68
Counterexamples
Kambera (Malayo-Polynesian) has adverb as a distinct word class but nor adjective. [Give Ref: Klamer’s grammar]
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  1. FP
    FP

    Types of parts-of-speech systems:1. V/N/Adj/Adv (ex. Samoan (E. Polynesian, Austronesian)); 2. V & N/A/Adv (ex. Quechua (Andean));3. V & N & A/Adv (ex. Ngiti (C. Sudanic, Nilo-Saharan)); 4. V & N & A & Adv (ex. Hungarian (Ugric, Uralic)); 5. V & N & A & – (ex. Wambon (Trans-New Guinea, Papuan)); 6. V & N & – & – (ex. Krongo (Kadugli, Kordofanian)) ;7. V & – & – & – (ex. Cayuga ((Iroquois)).

    1. May 2020

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