Universal 82:

Universal 82:

Original

There is no language in which an accusative object must first be demoted via dative-shift before it can be passivized.

Standardized

Passivization is never limited to NPs demoted from direct object status by dative shift.

Keywords

diathesis, passivization, dative-shift, direct object

Domain

syntax

Type

unconditional

Status

achronic

Quality

absolute

Basis

languages in Givón 1975

Source

Givón 1975: 121

Counterexamples