Universal 819: glottalized ⇒ aspirated ⇒ unaspirated

Universal 819: glottalized ⇒ aspirated ⇒ unaspirated

Original

Normal hierarchy of increasing markedness in consonants: unaspirated ⇒ aspirated ⇒ glottalized.

Standardized

IF there are glottalized consonants, THEN there are corresponding aspirated consonants;
IF there are aspirated consonants, THEN there are corresponding unaspirated consonants.

Keywords

markedness, consonant, unaspirated, aspiration, glottalization

Domain

phonology

Type

implicational hierarchy

Status

achronic

Quality

absolute

Basis

languages in Greenberg 1966a, languages in Gamkrelidze 1978a

Source

Greenberg 1966a, cited in Gamkrelidze 1975: 232 [1978: 12], Décsy 1987: 67

Counterexamples