Universal #1213

Legacy number: 1213

 Number  1209
 Original  If a language incorporates indirect objects, then it also incorporates non-agental subjects and direct objects, and if a language incorporates non-agental subjects, then it also incorporates direct objects.
 Standardized  IF indirect objects can be incorporated, THEN non-agental subjects and direct objects can also be incorporated;
IF non-agental subjects can be incorporated, THEN direct objects can also be incorporated.
 Formula  incorporation of indirect objects ⇒ incorporation of non-agental subjects ⇒ incorporation of direct objects
 Keywords  incorporation, indirect object, direct object, non-agental subject
 Domain  morphology, syntax
 Type  implication
 Status  achronic
 Quality  absolute?
 Basis  languages with object-incorporation, including Chukchi (Chukchi-Kamchatkan), Yana (Hokan), Kitonemuk (Uto-Aztecan), Gunbalang (Gunwingguan, Australian), Onondaga (Iroquoian), Aztec (Uto-Aztecan), Tongan, Fijian (both Oceanic, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian), Malagasy (Barito, Western Malayo-Polynesian), Turkish (Turkish, Altaic), and others
 Source  Mardirussian 1975: 387

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Discussion
Counterexamples
Notes
1. Mardirussian suggests that the three functional categories for nouns may be subsumed under an extension of the purely semantic notion "logical object".2. Cf. a similar statement by Mithun, #1212. Mithun calls non-agental subjects patients of intransitive verbs. Cf. also Kozinsky’s claim (#188). 3. According to Baker (#1492) indirect objects cannot be incorporated.
Comment
Frans Plank · 3 Aug 2006
1. Mardirussian suggests that the three functional categories for nouns may be subsumed under an extension of the purely semantic notion "logical object".

2. Cf. a similar statement by Mithun, <a class="innerLink" href="browse.php?entry_id=1212"><img src="../img/entry.gif" border="0">. Mithun calls non-agental subjects patients of intransitive verbs. Cf. also Kozinsky's claim (<a class="innerLink" href="browse.php?entry_id=188"><img src="../img/entry.gif" border="0">).

3. According to Baker (<a class="innerLink" href="browse.php?entry_id=1492"><img src="../img/entry.gif" border="0">) indirect objects cannot be incorporated.