Universal #1445
Legacy number: 1445
| Number | 1441 |
| Original | In an overwhelming majority of languages, there is a special form to denote the metaperson 'speaker'. |
| Standardized | In an overwhelming majority of languages, there is a special form to denote the metaperson 'speaker'. |
| Keywords | pronoun, personal pronoun, person, 1st |
| Domain | inflection, syntax, lexicon |
| Type | unconditional |
| Status | achronic |
| Quality | statistical |
| Basis | 400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only. |
| Source | Sokolovskaja 1980: 90, U 3 |
Discussion
Counterexamples
Kawi [=Old Javanese], Javanese (both Sundic, W. Malayo-Polynesian), Nimboran (Trans-New Guinea) (Sokolovskaja 1980); Aymara, Jaqaru (Andean) . In all these languages, personal pronominal forms are not specified for number, i.e. the form X can be used referring to a single speaker as well as to a group including the speaker. E.g. Aymaran naya (na) means ‘I, we but not you’. (For details see Hardman-de-Bautista 1974: 32-3, Hardman 1966).
Notes
Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).
Comment
Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons: 'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).
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