Universal #1454

Legacy number: 1454

 Number  1450
 Original  In all languages, if some form denotes the metaperson 'hearer' in the non-singular, then this form includes among its meanings the metaperson 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)'.
 Standardized  IF a form denotes the metaperson 'hearer' in the non-singular, THEN this form includes among its meanings the metaperson 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)'.
 Keywords  personal pronoun, person, 2nd, hearer, number, non-singular, non-participant, inclusive, exclusive
 Domain  inflection, syntax, lexicon
 Type  implication
 Status  achronic
 Quality  statistical (according to author absolute)
 Basis  400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
 Source  Sokolovskaja 1980: 91, U 12

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Discussion
Counterexamples
Languages having inclusive/exclusive opposition in the 2nd person, e.g. Ghomala (Benue-Congo, Niger-Kordofanian) (Wiesemann 1986: viii), ??? Abkhaz (N. Caucasian) (EF, FP).Bavarian German (Simon 2000).Cf. #1453.
Notes
Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).
Comment
Frans Plank · 3 Aug 2006
Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons: 'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).