Universal #1457

Legacy number: 1457

 Number  1453
 Original  In an overwhelming majority of languages, if the metaperson 'hearer' in the non-singular (and consequently, the metaperson 'hearer(s) + non-participant'(s); see <a class="innerLink" href="browse.php?entry_id=1454"><img src="../img/entry.gif" border="0">) are not the only meanings of a certain pronominal form, then the metaperson 'hearer' in the singular is also among its meanings.
 Standardized  IF the metaperson 'hearer' in the non-singular (and consequently, the metaperson 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)') are not the only meanings of a pronominal form, THEN the metaperson 'hearer' in the singular is also among its meanings.
 Keywords  personal pronoun, person, 2nd, hearer, number, singular, non-singular, non-participant
 Domain  inflection, syntax, lexicon
 Type  implication
 Status  achronic
 Quality  statistical
 Basis  400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
 Source  Sokolovskaja 1980: 92, U 15

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Discussion
Counterexamples
Haitian (Creole, French-based), Navajo (Athabaskan) (Sokolovskaja 1980)
Notes
Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).
Comment
Frans Plank · 3 Aug 2006
Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons: 'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).