Universal #1465

Legacy number: 1465

 Number  1461
 Original  If some form denotes the metaperson 'speaker + hearer(s)', then
(a) in some languages this form can also denote the metaperson 'speaker + non-participant(s)';
(b) in some other languages it can not denote the metaperson 'speaker + non-participant(s)'.
 Standardized  IF a form denotes the metaperson 'speaker + hearer(s)', THEN
(a) in some languages this form can also denote the metaperson 'speaker + non-participant(s)';
(b) in some other languages it can not denote the metaperson 'speaker + non-participant(s)'.
 Keywords  personal pronoun, person, 1st, 2nd, speaker, hearer, non-participant, inclusive, exclusive
 Domain  inflection, syntax, lexicon
 Type  implication
 Status  achronic
 Quality  statistical
 Basis  400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
 Source  Sokolovskaja 1980: 93, U 23

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Discussion
Notes
1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s). 2. Group (a) are languages that have no inclusive vs. exclusive distinction and have a so-called neutral form (which can denote the metapersons 'speaker + non-participant(s)' and/or 'speaker + hearer(s)' and/or 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)'). Group (b) are either the languages which have an inclusive vs. exclusive distinction, or ones which have a neutral and an inclusive form.
Comment
Frans Plank · 3 Aug 2006
1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons: 'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).

2. Group (a) are languages that have no inclusive vs. exclusive distinction and have a so-called neutral form (which can denote the metapersons 'speaker + non-participant(s)' and/or 'speaker + hearer(s)' and/or 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)'). Group (b) are either the languages which have an inclusive vs. exclusive distinction, or ones which have a neutral and an inclusive form.