Universal #1468

Legacy number: 1468

 Number  1464
 Original  In an overwhelming majority of languages, if the metapersons 'speaker + hearer(s)' and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)' are not the only meanings denoted by some form, then the others metapersons expressed will be 'speaker' and/or 'speaker + non-participant(s)'.
 Standardized  IF the metapersons 'speaker + hearer(s)' and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)' are not the only meanings denoted by a form, THEN the others metapersons expressed will be 'speaker' and/or 'speaker + non-participant(s)'.
 Keywords  personal pronoun, person, 1st, speaker, hearer, non-participant
 Domain  inflection, syntax, lexicon
 Type  implication
 Status  achronic
 Quality  statistical
 Basis  400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
 Source  Sokolovskaja 1980: 93, U 26

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Discussion
Counterexamples
Marathi (Indic, Indo-European) (Sokolovskaja 1980), where inclusive pronoun a:pan, i.e. the form denoting metapersons 'speaker + hearer(s)' and/or 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', is used in polite address to 'hearer' and 'non-participant'.
Notes
Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).
Comment
Frans Plank · 3 Aug 2006
Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons: 'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).