Universal #1470

Legacy number: 1470

 Number  1466
 Original  In all languages, if the metaperson 'speaker + non-participant(s)' is not the only meaning of some form, then this form must also denote the metapersons 'speaker' and/or 'speaker + hearer(s)' (and consequently, 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)').
 Standardized  IF the metaperson 'speaker + non-participant(s)' is not the only meaning of a form, THEN this form must also denote the metapersons 'speaker' and/or 'speaker + hearer(s)' (and consequently, 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)').
 Keywords  personal pronoun, person, 1st, speaker, hearer, non-participant
 Domain  inflection, syntax, lexicon
 Type  implication
 Status  achronic
 Quality  statistical (according to author absolute)
 Basis  400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
 Source  Sokolovskaja 1980: 94, U 29

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Discussion
Counterexamples
Languages where the form for metaperson 'speaker + non-participant(s)’ also denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ but not 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)': Gooniyandi (Bunaban, Australian), Yaouré (Mande, Niger-Congo), Kunimaipa (Trans-New Guinea); for details see #1464.
Notes
1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s). 2. Cf. ##1464, 1468.
Comment
Frans Plank · 3 Aug 2006
1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons: 'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).

2. Cf. <a class="innerLink" href="browse.php?entry_id=1464"><img src="../img/entry.gif" border="0">, <a class="innerLink" href="browse.php?entry_id=1468"><img src="../img/entry.gif" border="0">.