Universal #1471

Legacy number: 1471

 Number  1467
 Original  In an overwhelming majority of languages, there is no special form to denote the metaperson 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)'.
 Standardized  In an overwhelming majority of languages, there is no special form to denote the metaperson 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)'.
 Keywords  personal pronoun, person, 2nd, hearer, non-participant, inclusive, exclusive
 Domain  inflection, syntax, lexicon
 Type  unconditional
 Status  achronic
 Quality  statistical
 Basis  400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
 Source  Sokolovskaja 1980: 94, U 30

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Discussion
Counterexamples
Languages having inclusive/exclusive opposition in the 2nd person, e.g. Ghomala (Benue-Congo, Niger-Congo) (Wiesemann (ed.) 1986: viii).??? Abkhaz (N. Caucasian) (EF, FP).Bavarian German (Simon 2000).
Notes
1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s). 2. This universal follows from #1472.
Comment
Frans Plank · 3 Aug 2006
1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons: 'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).

2. This universal follows from <a class="innerLink" href="browse.php?entry_id=1472"><img src="../img/entry.gif" border="0">