Universal #1472

Legacy number: 1472

 Number  1468
 Original  In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some form denotes the metaperson 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', then it also denotes the metaperson 'hearer' in the non-singular.
 Standardized  IF a form denotes the metaperson 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', THEN it also denotes the metaperson 'hearer' in the non-singular.
 Keywords  personal pronoun, person, 2nd, hearer, non-participant, number, non-singular
 Domain  inflection, syntax, lexicon
 Type  implication
 Status  achronic
 Quality  statistical
 Basis  400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
 Source  Sokolovskaja 1980: 94, U 31

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Discussion
Counterexamples
Nkozi (NW Bantu, Niger-Congo), Yakut (Turkic, Altaic) (Sokolovskaja 1980);Ghomala (Benue-Congo, Niger-Kongo) (EF), ??? Abkhaz (N. Caucasian)(FP, EF).Bavarian German (Simon 2000).
Notes
1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s). 2. Cf. #1471.
Comment
Frans Plank · 3 Aug 2006
1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons: 'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).

2. Cf. <a class="innerLink" href="browse.php?entry_id=1471"><img src="../img/entry.gif" border="0">