Universal #1481

Legacy number: 1481

 Number  1477
 Original  In all languages, if the metaperson 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)' is not the only meaning of a certain form, then this form must also denote the metapersons 'speaker + hearer(s)' (cf. <a class="innerLink" href="browse.php?entry_id=1477"><img src="../img/entry.gif" border="0">) and /or 'speaker'.
 Standardized  IF the metaperson 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)' is not the only meaning of a form, THEN this form must also denote the metapersons 'speaker + hearer(s)' and /or 'speaker'.
 Keywords  personal pronoun, person, 1st, speaker, hearer, non-participant
 Domain  inflection, syntax, lexicon
 Type  implication
 Status  achronic
 Quality  absolute
 Basis  400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
 Source  Sokolovskaja 1980: 95, U 40

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Discussion
Counterexamples
Notes
Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).
Comment
Frans Plank · 3 Aug 2006
Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons: 'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).