Universal #1483
Legacy number: 1483
| Number | 1479 |
| Original | If a language lacks a form with the meaning 'speaker + hearer(s)' and/or 'speaker + non-participant (s)' and/or 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)' (i.e. a neutral form of the distinction inclusivity vs. exclusivity), then it has a form with the sole meaning 'speaker + non-participant(s)' (i.e. "we exclusive"). |
| Standardized | IF there is no form with the meaning 'speaker + hearer(s)' and/or 'speaker + non-participant(s)' and/or 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)' (i.e. a neutral form of the distinction inclusivity vs. exclusivity), THEN there is a form with the sole meaning 'speaker + non-participant(s)' (i.e. "we exclusive"). |
| Keywords | personal pronoun, speaker, hearer, non-participant, inclusive, exclusive |
| Domain | inflection, syntax, lexicon |
| Type | implication |
| Status | achronic |
| Quality | absolute |
| Basis | 400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only. |
| Source | Sokolovskaja 1980: 95, U 42 |
Discussion