Universal #1486

Legacy number: 1486

 Number  1482
 Original  If a language has a special form with the meaning 'hearers' and/or 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', then it has a special form with the meaning 'hearer'.
 Standardized  IF there is a special form with the meaning 'hearers' and/or 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s) ', THEN there is a special form with the meaning 'hearer'.
 Keywords  personal pronoun, hearer, non-participant, number, singular, non-singular
 Domain  lexicon
 Type  implication
 Status  achronic
 Quality  absolute
 Basis  400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
 Source  Sokolovskaja 1980: 97, U 45

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Discussion
Counterexamples
Notes
Sokolovskaja differentiates between the following metapersons:'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).
Comment
Frans Plank · 3 Aug 2006
Sokolovskaja differentiates between the following metapersons: 'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).