Universal #1487
Legacy number: 1487
| Number | 1483 |
| Original | If in a language there is a pronominal form denoting the dual of the metapersons 'hearer', 'hearer + non-participant' and/or 'non-participant', then there are pronominal forms denoting the dual of the metapersons 'speaker + hearer' and/or 'speaker + non-participant'. |
| Standardized | IF there is a pronominal form denoting the dual of the metapersons 'hearer', 'hearer + non-participant' and/or 'non-participant', THEN there are pronominal forms denoting the dual of metapersons 'speaker + hearer' and/or 'speaker + non-participant'. |
| Keywords | personal pronoun, person, 2nd, speaker, hearer, non-participant, number, dual |
| Domain | inflection, syntax, lexicon |
| Type | implication |
| Status | achronic |
| Quality | absolute |
| Basis | 400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only. |
| Source | Sokolovskaja 1980: 97, U 46 |
Discussion
Counterexamples
Aleut (Eskimo-Aleut) (Sokolovskaja 1980), Ancient Greek (Indo-European), Classical Arabic (Semitic, Afro-Asiatic) (Plank 1989: 303).
Notes
1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s). 2. Cf. the similar claim by Greenberg (#1409): The existence of a 2nd person dual pronoun seems to always imply that of a 1st person dual, whether with or without the inclusive-exclusive distinction, and/or a 3rd person dual.
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2. Cf. the similar claim by Greenberg (<a class="innerLink" href="browse.php?entry_id=1409"><img src="../img/entry.gif" border="0">): The existence of a 2nd person dual pronoun seems to always imply that of a 1st person dual, whether with or without the inclusive-exclusive distinction, and/or a 3rd person dual.