Universal #1488

Legacy number: 1488

 Number  1484
 Original  If in a language there is a pronominal form denoting the trial of the metapersons 'hearer' and 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)' and/or the trial of 'non-participant', then there is a pronominal form denoting the trial of the metapersons 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + hearer + non-participant' and/or 'speaker + non-participant(s)'.
 Standardized  IF there is a pronominal form denoting the trial of the metapersons 'hearer' and 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)' and/or the trial of 'non-participant', THEN there is a pronominal form denoting the trial of the metapersons 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + hearer + non-participant' and/or 'speaker + non-participant(s)'.
 Keywords  personal pronoun, person, 2nd, hearer, speaker, non-participant, number, trial
 Domain  inflection, syntax, lexicon
 Type  implication
 Status  achronic
 Quality  absolute
 Basis  400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
 Source  Sokolovskaja 1980: 97, U 47

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Discussion
Notes
1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s). 2. The reverse is not true at least for Kele (NW Bantu, Niger-Congo) and Kunimaipa (Trans-New Guinea).
Comment
Frans Plank · 3 Aug 2006
1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons: 'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).

2. The reverse is not true at least for Kele (NW Bantu, Niger-Congo) and Kunimaipa (Trans-New Guinea).