Universal #1489

Legacy number: 1489

 Number  1485
 Original  If in a language there is an opposition of the metapersons 'speaker + hearer(s)' and 'speaker + non-participant(s)' (i.e. inclusive vs. exclusive) in the trial, then there is such an opposition in the dual and plural.
 Standardized  IF there is an opposition of the metapersons 'speaker + hearer(s)' and 'speaker + non-participant(s)' (i.e. inclusive vs. exclusive) in the trial, THEN there is such an opposition in the dual and plural too.
 Formula  Incl/Excl (Tr) ⇒ Incl/Excl (Du) & Incl/Excl (Pl)
 Keywords  personal pronoun, person, 1st, 2nd, hearer, speaker, non-participant, inclusive, exclusive, number, dual, plural, trial
 Domain  inflection, syntax, lexicon
 Type  implication
 Status  achronic
 Quality  absolute
 Basis  400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
 Source  Sokolovskaja 1980: 98, U 48

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Discussion
Notes
1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).2. Universals ##1489 and 1490 follow from the more general statements suggested by B. Uspensky (##276, 716) (however, he does not point out any counterexamples).
Comment
Frans Plank · 3 Aug 2006
1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons: 'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).

2. Universals <a class="innerLink" href="browse.php?entry_id=1489"><img src="../img/entry.gif" border="0"> and <a class="innerLink" href="browse.php?entry_id=1490"><img src="../img/entry.gif" border="0"> follow from the more general statements suggested by B. Uspensky (<a class="innerLink" href="browse.php?entry_id=276"><img src="../img/entry.gif" border="0">, <a class="innerLink" href="browse.php?entry_id=716"><img src="../img/entry.gif" border="0">) (however, he does not point out any counterexamples).