Universal #1490
Legacy number: 1490
| Number | 1486 |
| Original | If in a language there is an opposition of the metapersons 'speaker + hearer' and 'speaker + non-participant' (i.e. inclusive vs. exclusive) in the dual, then usually there is such opposition in the plural. |
| Standardized | IF there is an opposition of the metapersons 'speaker + hearer' and 'speaker + non-participant' (i.e. inclusive vs. exclusive) in the dual, THEN usually there is such opposition in the plural too. |
| Formula | Incl/Excl (Du) ⇒ Incl/Excl (Pl) |
| Keywords | personal pronoun, person, 1st, hearer, speaker, non-participant, inclusive, exclusive, number, dual, plural |
| Domain | inflection, syntax, lexicon |
| Type | implication |
| Status | achronic |
| Quality | statistical |
| Basis | 400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only. |
| Source | Sokolovskaja 1980: 98, U49 |
Discussion
Counterexamples
Coos (Coosan), Lhota (Baric, Sino-Tibetan) have inclusive/exclusive opposition in Dual but not in Plural (mentioned by Sokolovskaja);The same pattern is found in: Nomad (Trans-New Guinea), for details see Voorhoeve 1975: 392, Franklin 1973; Tübatulabal (Uto-Aztecan), for details see Voegelin 1935: 135, but also caveat in Counterexamples to #578; Wik-Munkan (Pama-Nyungan), for details see Godfrey 1964: 76 (EF).
Notes
1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:'speaker', 'hearer', 'non-participant', 'speaker + hearer(s)', 'speaker + non-participant(s)', 'hearer(s) + non-participant(s)', and 'speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s). 2. The reverse is often not true.3. Universals ##1489 and 1490 follow from the more general statements suggested by B. Uspensky (##276, 716) (however, he does not point out any counterexamples).
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2. The reverse is often not true.
3. Universals <a class="innerLink" href="browse.php?entry_id=1489"><img src="../img/entry.gif" border="0"> and <a class="innerLink" href="browse.php?entry_id=1490"><img src="../img/entry.gif" border="0"> follow from the more general statements suggested by B. Uspensky (<a class="innerLink" href="browse.php?entry_id=276"><img src="../img/entry.gif" border="0">, <a class="innerLink" href="browse.php?entry_id=716"><img src="../img/entry.gif" border="0">) (however, he does not point out any counterexamples).