Universal #1502

Legacy number: 1502

 Number  1498
 Original  A hierarchy of grammaticalization from verb to complementizer to adverbial conjunction.
If a language uses the morpheme at a given level on the hierarchy, it will use it at all the previous levels:
1. quotative particle;
2. quotative/complementizer with ‘say’;
3. quotative/complementizer with ‘know’;
4. quotative/complementizer with ‘believe’;
5. quotative/complementizer with ‘hope’;
6. conjunction with purpose clause;
7. conjunction with reason clause;
8. marker with question word;
9. complementizer with embedded question;
10. conjunction with conditional clause;
11. comparative marker.
 Standardized  IF a de-verbal morpheme is used as a comparative marker, THEN it is also used as a conjunction with conditional clause.
IF a de-verbal morpheme is used as a conjunction with conditional clause, THEN it is also used as a complementizer with embedded question.
IF a de-verbal morpheme is used as a complementizer with embedded question, THEN it is also used as a marker with question word.
IF a de-verbal morpheme is used as a marker with question word, THEN it is also used as a conjunction with reason clause.
IF a de-verbal morpheme is used as a conjunction with reason clause, THEN it is also used as a conjunction with purpose clause.
IF a de-verbal morpheme is used as a conjunction with purpose clause, THEN it is also used as a quotative/complementizer with ‘hope’.
IF a de-verbal morpheme is used as a quotative/complementizer with ‘hope’, THEN it is also used as a quotative/complementizer with ‘believe’.
IF a de-verbal morpheme is used as a quotative/complementizer with ‘believe’, THEN it is also use as a quotative/complementizer with ‘know’.
IF a de-verbal morpheme is used as a quotative/complementizer with ‘know’, THEN it is also used as a quotative/complementizer with ‘say’.
IF a de-verbal morpheme is used as a quotative/complementizer with ‘say’, THEN it is also used as a quotative particle.
 Keywords  grammaticalization, verb, complementizer, adverbial conjunction
 Domain  morphology
 Type  implicational hierarchy
 Status  diachronic
 Quality  statistical
 Basis  38 languages surveyed by Saxena 1988
 Source  Saxena 1988, cited after Lord 1993: 210-211

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Discussion
Notes
Saxena finds out that Givon’s (1980) sorting of verb meanings:say, tell (that) < think, know, believe < decide (that), agree (that) < hope, remember < want (to) constitutes an implicational hierarchy which the languages she has surveyed tend to follow in general with respect to the verbs which allow the complementizer. (Lord 1993: 211)
Comment
Frans Plank · 3 Aug 2006
Saxena finds out that Givon's (1980) sorting of verb meanings: say, tell (that) < think, know, believe < decide (that), agree (that) < hope, remember < want (to) constitutes an implicational hierarchy which the languages she has surveyed tend to follow in general with respect to the verbs which allow the complementizer. (<a class="reference" href="../ref/source_ref.php#Lord_1993">Lord 1993: 211)