Universal #1514

Legacy number: 1514

 Number  1510
 Original  Hierarchy of reflexive position:
Direct object (two-place verb) > Direct object (bitransitive verb) > Coargument NP > Non-coargument NP > NP in a non-finite subordinate clause > NP in a finite subordinate clause.

(i) If a pronoun is bound in positions X and Y, it is also bound in all intermediate positions between X and Y.
(ii) If a pronoun is free in positions X and Y, it is also free in all interdmediate positions.
(iii) If a reflexive pronoun A is morphologically complex than a reflexive pronoun B, the positions in which A occurs cannot be to the right of the positions in which A occurs.
(iv) If a non-syntactic (i.e. logophoric or emphatic) use of a reflexive pronoun is available in a position X, it is available in all positions to the right of X.
 Standardized  IF a pronoun is bound in positions X and Y, THEN it is also bound in all intermediate positions between X and Y.
IF a pronoun is free in positions X and Y, THEN it is also free in all interdmediate positions.
IF a reflexive pronoun A is morphologically complex than a reflexive pronoun B, THEN the positions in which A occurs cannot be to the right of the positions in which A occurs.
IF a non-syntactic (i.e. logophoric or emphatic) use of a reflexive pronoun is available in a position X, THEN it is available in all positions to the right of X.
 Formula  Direct object (two-place verb) > Direct object (bitransitive verb) > Coargument NP > Non-coargument NP > NP in a non-finite subordinate clause > NP in a finite subordinate clause.
 Keywords  reflexive
 Domain  inflection, syntax
 Type  implicational hierarchy
 Status  achronic
 Quality  absolute?
 Basis  English, Norwegian (both Germanic), Russian (Slavic), Marathi (Indic), Northern Pomo (Hokan), Daghestanian (= East Caucasian) languages, including Avar (Avar), Tsakhur (Lezgian), Godoberi (Andian), and others.
 Source  Testelec & Toldova 1998: 53; a similar hierarchy was first outlined by Manzini & Wexler 1987, cf. its later version in Dalrymple 1993

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Discussion
Counterexamples
Bamana (Mande, Niger-Congo) (Vydrin 1999)
Notes
This is a scale of structural positions for anaphoric pronouns whether bound by the (local or superordinate) subject or having disjoint reference with it.
Comment
Frans Plank · 3 Aug 2006
This is a scale of structural positions for anaphoric pronouns whether bound by the (local or superordinate) subject or having disjoint reference with it.