Universal #788
Legacy number: 788
| Number | 785 |
| Original | A language is highly unlikely to have secondary oral stops unless it also has primary oral stops. |
| Standardized | IF there are secondary oral stops, THEN there are most likely primary ones as well. |
| Formula | secondary oral stops ⇒ primary oral stops |
| Keywords | consonant, oral, stop |
| Domain | phonology |
| Type | implication |
| Status | achronic |
| Quality | statistical |
| Basis | 317 language sample from Nartey 1979 |
| Source | Nartey 1979: 24, cited also in Lass 1984: 154 |
Discussion
Counterexamples
Maidu (Maiduan) (Nartey 1979: 24)
Notes
1. Primary oral stops are those speech sounds made with a pulmonic air stream and a complete closure of two articulators (as in the single articulations /p,t/) or four articulators (as in the double articulations /kp, gb/). The release of such sounds may be sudden (as in the stops /p,t/) or delayed (as in the affricates /pf, ts/) (Nartey 1979: 17).2. A secondary oral stop is a stop made with extra contributions from articulators other than those involved in the production of a primary oral stop (e.g. lip rounding to produce labialized stops). Also included are those stops that are either preceded or followed by a short period of nasal closure (as in the nasalized sounds), or voiceless vowels (as in the aspirated sounds) (Nartey 1979: 24).
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2. A secondary oral stop is a stop made with extra contributions from articulators other than those involved in the production of a primary oral stop (e.g. lip rounding to produce labialized stops). Also included are those stops that are either preceded or followed by a short period of nasal closure (as in the nasalized sounds), or voiceless vowels (as in the aspirated sounds) (Nartey 1979: 24).